Chapters 13-15

Ch 13

European Empires in Americas

                Conquered territories were separated by an ocean, not just adjacent land

 

European Advantage

                Geographic Location

                Innovations in sailing (mapmaking, ship design, etc.)

                Motivated to better compete in Eurasian commerce

 

Great Dying

                Collapse of Native American societies

                90% of population died

                Smallpox/hunger

 

Columbia Exchange

                Brought plants and animals which thrived (wheat, rice, sugarcane plus horses, pigs, cattle, goats)

Aztecs and Incas

Colonies of Sugar

                Brazil and Caribbean

                                Slave labor…labor intensive

Steppes and Siberia

                Russian Empire

Soft gold of fur trades

                Took shape between 1500-1800

                Influx of Russian settlers

 

Asian Empires

                Chinese pushed into central euroasia

                Didn’t transform the imperial homeland

China Empire

                Qing dynasty – brought the region firmly into Chinese empire

 

Ch 14

European and Asia Commerce

                Tropical spices

 

Portuguese Commerce

                Technology on their ships were good

                Trading post empire in the indian ocean

 

Spain and the Philippines

                First to challenge Portugal

                Took over plantations and took harvest

 

East India Companies

                Privately hired companies to conquest

 

Silver

                One of the first major commodities to be exchanged on a global scale

 

World Hunt

                Fur – warmth and conveyed status

 

Atlantic Slave Trade

                Stimulated by plantation complex of Americas

 

Slave trade in practice

                Initial capture to sale on the coast was handled by Africans

                Europeans waited on the coast- rarely tried to conquer

 

Destinations of slaves – Brazil 45%, Caribbean 45%, Spanish America 5%, North America 4%

 

Impact of Slave Trade

                Slowed Africa’s growth

                Moral corruption in Africa

 

Ch 15

Globalization of Christianity

                Divided between Roman Catholics and Orthodox

 

Western Christian – Protestant

 

Conversion in Spanish America – religion of the victors took hold…Europeans saw their political and military success as power of Christian God

 

China – accepted Jesuits because of the educated elites…continued with Confucian framework

 

Kept pushing for Christianity in African culture – over time they incorporated them

 

India – bridged hindu/muslim divide

 

Science – cultural revolution …challenged the understanding of the universe

                Many thinkers particularly in astronomy